One nonobese girl was excluded in the final analysis of the data because of the anxiety she showed during the indirect calorimetric test, leading to unrealistic respiratory exchange recording. Body fat mass was obtained by multiplying the percentage of body fat by body weight. Pichon, L. Relationship between diet composition and body fatness, with adjustment for resting energy expenditure and physical activity, in preadolescent children. Krebs, J. Hence, at least some of the observed effects are not specifically related to BCAA, but rather increased amino nitrogen consumption. Only three of the 22 studies presented in table 1 included alcohol as a nutrient and were excluded. In fact, the results of a longitudinal study support the hypothesis that fat intake plays a role in promoting fat gain in children independently of other risk factors Variables were not normally distributed; therefore, comparisons of physical characteristics and postabsorptive and postprandial REE and RQ of obese and nonobese girls were made using a two-tailed Mann-Whitney test. All animals gained weight during the 4 weeks of ad libitum control or iso-energetic feeding intervention; Fig. Diet composition, in particular fat intake, has been suggested to be a risk factor for obesity in humans.
High protein diets have become popular for body weight maintenance and weight loss despite controversies regarding efficacy and safety. Although both weight gain and weight loss are determined by energy consumption and expenditure, data from rodent trials consistently demonstrate that the protein:carbohydrate ratio in high fat diets strongly influences body and fat mass gain per calorie eaten. Here, we review data from rodent trials examining how high protein diets may modulate energy metabolism and the mechanisms by which energy may be dissipated. We further review data on how the gut microbiota may affect energy expenditure. Results from human and rodent trials demonstrate that human trials are less consistent than rodent trials, where casein is used almost exclusively as the protein source. It has for long been known that dietary protein content influences energy efficiency and thereby the energy cost for weight gain Stock, High protein diets represent a popular alternative to energy restriction for body weight maintenance and weight loss. For instance, the Atkins diet books have sold more than 45 million copies. The Atkins diet and similar diets such as the Stone-age diet claim to be effective despite ad libitum consumption of high energy food items, such as fatty meat, oils, and butter, as long as the intake of carbohydrates remains lower than 50 g per day. This has in part been explained by the high satiating effect of high protein meals Veldhorst et al.
Diet composition, in particular fat intake, has been suggested to be a risk factor for obesity in humans. Several mechanisms may contribute to explain the impact of fat intake on fat gain. One factor may be the low thermogenesis induced by a mixed meal rich in fat. In a group of 11 girls Each girl repeated the test with a different, randomly assigned menu HF or LF 1 week after the first test. The HF low carbohydrate meal induced a significantly lower increase in carbohydrate oxidation than the LF meal However, the postprandial fat storage was 8-fold higher after a HF meal than after a LF meal These results suggest that a high fat meal is able to induce lower thermogenesis and a higher positive fat balance than an isocaloric and isoproteic low fat meal. Therefore, diet composition per se must be taken into account among the various risk factors that induce obesity in children. Several genetic and environmental factors are involved in the development of obesity, although, for thermodynamic reasons, overweight is necessarily caused by a positive energy balance 2. Energy balance is the result of the sum of the balance of three macronutrients: protein, carbohydrate, and fat.